Best European Alternatives to ClickUp
Looking for a European alternative to ClickUp? ClickUp is a powerful all-in-one productivity platform, but it's based in the US and processes your data on American servers. For businesses and teams who value privacy, GDPR compliance, and data sovereignty, European productivity alternatives offer compelling options.
We've curated the best privacy-focused productivity and project management tools built in Europe. These alternatives provide comprehensive features while keeping your data protected under European law.
How we rank these tools — 4-step process
-
1
European ownership, verified
The company is headquartered and incorporated in the EU, EEA or Switzerland, and processes customer data in Europe. A US parent company disqualifies a tool from this page regardless of where its servers are.
-
2
Category fit and hands-on review
What the tool actually does, who it suits, and where it falls short — checked against the vendor’s own documentation, changelog and pricing page rather than its marketing copy.
-
3
Compliance and pricing check
GDPR posture, hosting location and the prices quoted on this page are verified against the vendor’s public pricing before publication, and re-checked when we revisit the category.
-
4
Position on this page
Placement on this page can be paid, and that can affect which tools appear here and the order they appear in. It never buys a good review: a tool that fails the checks above is not here at any price, and payment does not change the shortcomings we write about. A vendor can ask us to correct a factual error — not to remove a criticism.
Vendors can pay for visibility on this page. It never changes what an entry says about a product, including the criticism, and we earn nothing when you click through to a vendor. Paid placement can affect which tools appear here and the order they appear in. Editorial policy
Why Choose a European Alternative to ClickUp?
GDPR Protection
Your productivity data stays in Europe, protected by the world's strongest privacy laws.
EU Data Centers
Data processed and stored exclusively within the European Union.
End-to-End Encryption
European tools offer encryption that ClickUp doesn't provide.
All-in-One Features
Comprehensive tools combining tasks, docs, chat, and more.
Best European Alternatives to ClickUp
We've curated the best privacy-focused productivity tools from European companies. Each alternative has been evaluated for features, privacy, and GDPR compliance.
Zenkit
All-in-one workspace with multiple views from Germany
Stackfield
Secure all-in-one collaboration with end-to-end encryption
OpenProject
Open-source project management with enterprise features
MeisterTask
Beautiful task management, notes, and mind mapping from Austria
Teamleader
All-in-one business management from Belgium
Vikunja
A European alternative to Todoist, Trello, Asana
Planio
A European alternative to Jira, Redmine hosting, GitHub Issues
awork
Project management from Hamburg with tracking built in
Key takeaways
- ClickUp is operated by Mango Technologies, Inc. in San Diego, so the CLOUD Act applies and there is no free EU residency setting to fall back on.
- Its free plan has unlimited members and tasks, which no tool on this page matches; the limits are storage, Spaces and forms.
- Stackfield is the only alternative here that encrypts content end to end and includes chat, which covers two ClickUp jobs at once.
- Zenkit is the closest to ClickUp's many-views idea without the platform underneath it.
- Nothing here replaces ClickUp Docs and Whiteboards well, and pretending otherwise is how these migrations go wrong.
Why people leave ClickUp
ClickUp is the most product per euro in this market, and that is both the appeal and the problem. Docs, whiteboards, goals, dashboards, chat and an AI assistant sit beside the tasks, and the free plan gives unlimited members and unlimited tasks, which no European tool here matches.
The reason to look elsewhere is who holds it. The operator is Mango Technologies, Inc., doing business as ClickUp, at 350 10th Ave in San Diego, California. That is a US corporation, so the CLOUD Act reaches it, and unlike Jira there is no free data residency setting that even moves the storage.
The second reason is the one people actually say out loud: it is a lot. Teams adopt ClickUp for the breadth and then spend a year deciding which of the fourteen views their process actually uses, while the people who just wanted a task list quietly go back to a spreadsheet.
- A US company holds everything Mango Technologies, Inc. is incorporated and based in the United States, so a valid US order reaches the provider regardless of which region the data sits in. ClickUp does not offer the kind of free, self-service EU data residency that Jira Cloud does on Standard and above, so on this page the jurisdiction argument is the simple version: the company is American and the data follows the company.
- Breadth has an adoption cost Fourteen views, docs, whiteboards, goals, dashboards, chat and AI in one product means every team has to decide what it is not going to use. That decision is real work and it is rarely assigned to anyone, so ClickUp accounts drift into three people using it three different ways. A narrower tool makes that decision for you.
- The free plan is generous until it is not Unlimited members and unlimited tasks, with 60MB of storage, five Spaces, forty Lists per Space, one form and three whiteboards. That is a genuinely usable free tier and it is also the shape of the upgrade: you hit storage or Spaces rather than headcount, and the move to Unlimited at $7 per user per month arrives without warning.
- You are paying for a platform to run a list Business is $12 per user per month billed yearly. Against Stackfield at €4.99, OpenProject's cloud from about €5.95 and MeisterTask from about €6.50, that is roughly double for capabilities most teams have never opened. The saving is only real if the narrower tool covers what you use, which is why the first step is an honest inventory rather than a price comparison.
What you have to replace, not just match
Write down what your ClickUp actually does before you compare anything, because ClickUp is four products and almost nobody uses all four.
Tasks and views are the core, and every tool here covers them. Docs and whiteboards are the second layer, and they are the part European alternatives most often lack. Goals and dashboards are the third, which matters if someone above you reads them weekly. Chat is the fourth, and only one tool here includes it.
If your list is "tasks, a few views and the occasional doc", this is an easy move. If it is all four, expect to end up with two subscriptions, and price that honestly rather than discovering it in month two.
The alternatives compared
| Position | Tool | Headquarters | Pricing | Jurisdiction |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | Zenkit | Karlsruhe, Germany | Free plan / from about €9/user/month | EU (Germany) |
| #2 | Stackfield | Munich, Germany | From €4.99 per user per month | EU (Germany) |
| #3 | OpenProject | Berlin, Germany | Free Community Edition / Cloud from about €5.95/user/month | EU (Germany) |
| #4 | MeisterTask | Munich area, Germany | Free tier / from about €6.50/user/month | EU (Germany) |
| #5 | Teamleader | Ghent, Belgium | From about €50/month (Focus) / €66/month (Orbit) | EU (Belgium) |
| #6 | Vikunja | Lübeck, Germany | Free self-hosted / €4 per month personal, €5/user/month for an organisation | EU (Germany) |
| #7 | Planio | Berlin, Germany | Free for 2 users / $25 per month for 5, $59 for 10, $125 for 20 | EU (Germany) |
| #8 | awork | Hamburg, Germany | From €5/user/month billed annually (€8 monthly), Standard €12, Professional €22 | EU (Germany) |
How each alternative compares to ClickUp
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany (EU).
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
- Independently checked. GDPR.
Best for: Teams who chose ClickUp for the flexibility rather than the feature count
Zenkit is built by Axonic Informationssysteme GmbH in Karlsruhe and hosted in Germany. Its premise is the part of ClickUp that people genuinely use: one set of records, viewable as a board, a table, a calendar, a mind map or a hierarchy, with each person choosing their own.
Against ClickUp it is narrower on purpose. There are no whiteboards, no goals module and no AI assistant, and there is also nothing to switch off. For a team that adopted ClickUp for flexible data and then spent a year ignoring nine of the fourteen views, this is the same idea without the surrounding platform.
It also has Hypernotes for documents in the same suite, which covers the wiki half of ClickUp Docs. The whiteboard half has no answer here, and that is worth knowing before you move.
What Zenkit does better than ClickUp
- German company and German hosting, so a US corporation no longer holds the data
- One set of records in five views without a tier upgrade to unlock them
- Hypernotes in the same suite covers the wiki side of ClickUp Docs
- A free plan with no member cap in the tiers that matter for a small team
Where Zenkit is a step down from ClickUp
- No whiteboards, which is a real gap if your team uses them
- No goals or OKR module and no AI assistant
- A far smaller integration catalogue than ClickUp
- From about €9 per user per month, which is above Stackfield and OpenProject
Standout against ClickUp. It delivers ClickUp's best idea, one dataset seen many ways, without the thirteen other products attached to it.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany (EU).
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
- Independently checked. GDPR, end-to-end encryption.
Best for: Teams who want tasks and messaging in one place, unreadable to the provider
Stackfield GmbH is in Munich and hosts in Germany, and it is the only tool on this page that encrypts content end to end with AES-256. Tasks, messages and files cannot be read by the company running the service.
Against ClickUp it covers two jobs rather than one. Chat sits beside the tasks in the same product, so a team paying for ClickUp and a separate messaging tool replaces both, and at €4.99 per user per month it is the cheapest option here by a clear margin.
What it does not have is ClickUp's breadth: no whiteboards, no goals, no dashboards to speak of, and end-to-end encryption means search across content and deep integrations are limited by design rather than by effort.
What Stackfield does better than ClickUp
- End-to-end AES-256 encryption, so the provider cannot read tasks, messages or files, which ClickUp by design can
- German company and German hosting, replacing a US corporation in the chain
- Chat and tasks in one product, so ClickUp plus a messaging subscription becomes one bill
- From €4.99 per user per month against $7 for ClickUp Unlimited and $12 for Business
Where Stackfield is a step down from ClickUp
- No whiteboards, no goals module, no AI assistant
- End-to-end encryption limits content search and makes integrations harder
- A much smaller integration catalogue than ClickUp
- Dashboards and reporting are thin
Standout against ClickUp. It is the only tool here where the provider cannot read your work, and the only one that absorbs your chat tool at the same time.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany (EU) or self-hosted.
- Source code. Open source, where ClickUp is not: you can read what it does rather than take the description on trust.
Best for: Work with budgets, phases and a reporting line above it
OpenProject is AGPL-licensed software from OpenProject GmbH in Berlin, free to self-host with no seat limit and available as a cloud from Germany from about €5.95 per user per month.
It goes past ClickUp in exactly one direction and stops well short in every other. Work packages, Gantt charts, baselines, budgets and cost tracking are native, with a permissions model built for organisations. There are no whiteboards, no chat, no AI and nothing resembling ClickUp's breadth.
Self-hosting is the argument that has no counter. Run it on your own infrastructure and no provider holds the data, which settles the jurisdiction question rather than relocating it to a friendlier country.
What OpenProject does better than ClickUp
- Gantt charts, baselines, budgets and cost tracking that ClickUp approximates at best
- Self-hostable under AGPL with no seat limit, so the data can stay inside your own network
- German company and German hosting on the cloud edition
- From about €5.95 per user per month, half of ClickUp Business
- A permissions model designed for an organisation rather than a workspace
Where OpenProject is a step down from ClickUp
- Far narrower than ClickUp: no docs to speak of, no whiteboards, no chat, no AI
- Heavier to set up and heavier to use
- Self-hosting means someone owns the upgrades and the backups
- The interface is competent rather than enjoyable, which affects adoption
Standout against ClickUp. It is the only tool here you can run entirely on your own servers, which is the one answer to jurisdiction that does not depend on trusting anybody.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany (Frankfurt).
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
- Independently checked. ISO 27001, GDPR, CCPA.
Best for: Teams whose ClickUp is fourteen views and one of them in use
MeisterTask comes from MeisterLabs GmbH near Munich, is hosted in Frankfurt, and holds ISO 27001 alongside GDPR and CCPA compliance. It is the simplest tool on this page and the only one with an externally audited security certificate.
Against ClickUp that is close to the opposite proposition. A board, automations for stage transitions, time tracking, and nothing else asking for your attention. For an account where ClickUp's breadth became a decision nobody wanted to make, the narrowness is the product.
If your ClickUp genuinely uses docs, goals and dashboards, this replaces a fraction of it and you will be buying something else for the rest.
What MeisterTask does better than ClickUp
- ISO 27001 certified with external audit, which no other tool on this page holds
- German company, Frankfurt hosting, so no US corporation in the chain
- Nothing to configure, which for a ClickUp account is the actual saving
- From about €6.50 per user per month against $12 for ClickUp Business
Where MeisterTask is a step down from ClickUp
- Replaces only the task half of ClickUp: no docs, no whiteboards, no goals, no dashboards
- The free tier caps at three members per project, where ClickUp's has no member limit
- No self-hosting and no end-to-end encryption
- Reporting across projects is thin
Standout against ClickUp. It is the only board here with an audited ISO 27001 certificate and a named German data centre, and the only one whose selling point is how little it does.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Belgium). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. EU.
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
Best for: Teams tracking clients, quotes and invoices in a work tool
Teamleader NV is Belgian and EU-hosted, built around the sequence a small business runs on: lead, quote, project, invoice, with time tracked against each. Plans start from about €50 per month.
Against ClickUp it is a different category rather than a smaller version. Plenty of ClickUp accounts are a CRM with custom fields named "Quote sent", and the objects here are actual quotes and actual invoices, which removes a layer of pretending.
If your ClickUp is product work, engineering or content, this is the wrong tool on this page and one of the four above it is the answer.
What Teamleader does better than ClickUp
- Quotes, invoices and time tracking as real objects rather than task fields renamed after them
- Belgian company with EU hosting, replacing a US corporation
- One system from lead to invoice, where ClickUp needs a CRM bolted on beside it
- Priced per company rather than climbing with every seat added to a workspace
Where Teamleader is a step down from ClickUp
- Not a project tool: task management is thinner than ClickUp's
- No docs, no whiteboards, no chat and no AI
- Aimed at small and mid-sized businesses, so governance is light for a large organisation
- No self-hosting and no end-to-end encryption
Standout against ClickUp. Quotes and invoices are objects here rather than task statuses named after them, which is what a ClickUp space full of custom fields called "Invoiced" has been approximating all along.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. EU for the hosted version, or wherever you run it.
- Source code. Open source, where ClickUp is not: you can read what it does rather than take the description on trust.
Best for: Teams whose honest inventory says tasks and one view
Vikunja is AGPLv3 task management, free to self-host with no seat limit, or about four euros a month on a hosted EU instance. Lists, kanban, gantt, a calendar, labels, filters and an API.
Against ClickUp it is the cleanest possible answer to the complaint people actually make. ClickUp has fourteen views, docs, whiteboards, goals, dashboards, chat and AI, and every team has to decide which of those it is not going to use. Vikunja has made that decision for you.
It replaces the task half and nothing else. If your ClickUp genuinely uses Docs and Goals, this is a quarter of what you had, and you will be buying something else for the rest.
What Vikunja does better than ClickUp
- Free self-hosted with no seat limit, where ClickUp's free plan caps storage, Spaces and forms
- AGPLv3, so the data can sit on your own machine and no US corporation holds it
- Nothing to decide about which features to use, which is the real cost of ClickUp
- A documented API rather than an app ecosystem you have to shop in
Where Vikunja is a step down from ClickUp
- Replaces only the tasks: no docs, no whiteboards, no goals, no dashboards, no chat
- A one-person business rather than a company
- Self-hosting means somebody owns the upgrades and the backups
- No AI features at all
Standout against ClickUp. It is the only tool here whose selling point is how little it does, which is the exact complaint people leave ClickUp with.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany, in an ISO 27001 data centre in the Vogtland region with backups in Frankfurt.
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
- Independently checked. ISO/IEC 27001:2013 data centre.
Best for: Engineering teams using ClickUp for issues and GitHub for code
Planio is hosted Redmine from Planio GmbH in Berlin, with issues, a roadmap, time tracking, a wiki, a help desk and Git or Subversion repositories in one product.
Against ClickUp it swaps breadth for a different bundle. ClickUp gives you docs and whiteboards next to the tasks; Planio gives you source control and a help desk. For a team whose ClickUp is engineering work with a repository somewhere else, that is the more useful combination.
It also has the tightest jurisdiction answer on this page. The data centre is in the Vogtland region with ISO/IEC 27001:2013, backups sit in Frankfurt, and the provider is Hetzner, so the company, the servers and the infrastructure are all German. ClickUp is a San Diego corporation.
What Planio does better than ClickUp
- Git and Subversion repositories in the same product, which ClickUp does not offer at all
- A German company on German hardware from a German provider, against a US corporation
- A help desk included, where ClickUp sells that separately
- Free for two active users, and Redmine underneath so exports are readable
Where Planio is a step down from ClickUp
- The interface is dated next to ClickUp, which is a real adoption cost
- No docs or whiteboards worth the name
- Priced in user bands, so headcount just over a threshold jumps a tier
- No AI features
Standout against ClickUp. It is the only option here that brings source control into the same product as the tasks, which is a bundle ClickUp does not sell at any price.
- Which law reaches it. EU (Germany). ClickUp is run from the United States, so the CLOUD Act obliges the provider to hand over data on a valid order regardless of which country the servers are in.
- Where the data sits. Germany, on Microsoft infrastructure.
- Source code. Closed source, as ClickUp is.
- Independently checked. ISO 27001.
Best for: Teams that used ClickUp dashboards to work out who is free
awork is built in Hamburg by awork GmbH and hosted on ISO 27001 certified Microsoft servers in Germany. Projects with phases, time tracked against them, and a workload view across people.
Against ClickUp the difference is that capacity is native rather than assembled. Plenty of ClickUp accounts have a dashboard somebody built to answer who is busy, which breaks quietly when a field is renamed. awork ships that view and maintains it.
Say the hosting precisely: German company, German servers, Microsoft infrastructure. That is a shorter chain than ClickUp's, and it is not a chain with nobody American in it.
What awork does better than ClickUp
- A maintained workload view instead of a dashboard someone built and now owns
- Time tracking native, where ClickUp gates parts of it by plan
- German company with German servers and ISO 27001, against a San Diego corporation
- Far less product to decide about, which for a ClickUp refugee is the point
Where awork is a step down from ClickUp
- No docs, no whiteboards, no goals, no AI
- No free plan, only a trial, where ClickUp's free tier has unlimited members
- Microsoft infrastructure underneath a German company
- A smaller integration catalogue
Standout against ClickUp. The workload view is the one ClickUp dashboard everybody builds, shipped as a feature and maintained by the vendor rather than by whoever made it.
What actually breaks when you switch
Tasks move cleanly and everything else needs a decision. ClickUp exports tasks to CSV and Excel, and every tool here imports CSV, so names, statuses, assignees, dates and custom fields survive the trip intact.
Docs and Whiteboards are where migrations stall. Docs export as files and land somewhere else, usually a wiki or an office suite; Whiteboards do not travel at all. Work out where both are going before you move a single task, because discovering it afterwards is how a two-week project becomes a two-month one.
The third is the inventory nobody does. ClickUp accounts accumulate automations, dashboards and views that somebody built once and everybody now depends on. List them, decide which ones still earn their place, and rebuild only those. Most of the list does not survive the question.
Can I keep ClickUp and store the data in Europe?
Not in the way you can with Jira, where data residency is a self-service setting included on Standard and above. ClickUp does not offer an equivalent free regional option, so for most accounts the storage question has one answer.
And even where a provider does offer regions, it settles storage rather than jurisdiction. Mango Technologies is a US corporation, so the CLOUD Act reaches the company wherever the servers are.
If your requirement is about where data rests, ClickUp is a harder case than Jira. If it is about who can compel disclosure, both come to the same place and only a European provider moves it.
Is anything here as broad as ClickUp?
No, and that should be said plainly rather than buried. ClickUp bundles tasks, docs, whiteboards, goals, dashboards, chat and AI, and no single tool on this page does all of that.
Zenkit comes closest on views and data flexibility. Stackfield covers tasks plus chat, which is two of the four. OpenProject goes deeper than ClickUp on project management specifically, with Gantt charts, budgets and cost tracking, and shallower everywhere else.
The honest framing is that leaving ClickUp usually means choosing which two of its four jobs you were really using, and accepting a second tool for one of the others.
What happens to Docs and Whiteboards?
This is the gap, and it is the most common reason a ClickUp migration stalls. ClickUp Docs is a capable wiki and Whiteboards is a real canvas, and neither has a like-for-like replacement among the tools here.
Zenkit has Hypernotes for documents, which covers a wiki but not a whiteboard. Nextcloud, from the cloud storage side of this directory, pairs an EU-hosted office suite and a whiteboard with the file storage if you want everything in one place.
Count how much lives in Docs before you commit. If the answer is "our entire process documentation", plan where it goes first and move the tasks second.
Is the free plan reason enough to stay?
For a small team with modest storage needs, honestly yes. Unlimited members and unlimited tasks is more generous than any free tier on this page, and paying nothing is hard to beat on price alone.
The catch is that free does not change the jurisdiction question at all. If your reason for looking is that a US company holds your project data, a free plan holds it just as much as a paid one.
And free is where the limits bite in unexpected places: 60MB of storage, five Spaces, forty Lists per Space. Teams usually hit those before they hit anything they expected to hit.
Which one to pick
If the objection is that a US company holds your work, Stackfield answers it hardest: German, end-to-end encrypted, and cheap enough that it usually replaces your chat tool in the same move.
If you liked ClickUp for flexible data rather than for the feature count, Zenkit is the closest thing to it in Europe and keeps the wiki through Hypernotes.
If the work has budgets and phases, OpenProject is the serious option, and self-hosting it is the only answer on this page that removes the provider entirely.
And if your honest inventory says tasks and one view, MeisterTask is the right recommendation over all three, because the point was never to find a bigger tool.
Frequently Asked Questions
Zenkit if the appeal was many views over the same data. Stackfield if you want tasks and chat in one place and the provider unable to read either. OpenProject if the work has budgets and deadlines, or you want to self-host. MeisterTask if you want the simplest thing your team will open. Teamleader if your ClickUp is really running customers and invoices.
Mango Technologies, Inc., doing business as ClickUp, from 350 10th Ave, Suite 500, San Diego, California. It is a US corporation, which places it under the CLOUD Act: a valid US order reaches the provider regardless of where the data is stored.
Not as the kind of free, self-service regional setting Jira Cloud includes on Standard and above. For most accounts the practical answer is that the data sits with a US provider. Even where regions exist, they address where data rests rather than who can be compelled to produce it, and the operator remains American either way.
ClickUp is Free Forever, then $7 per user per month on Unlimited and $12 on Business, both billed yearly. Stackfield starts from €4.99 per user per month, OpenProject's cloud from about €5.95, MeisterTask from about €6.50 and Zenkit from about €9. OpenProject can also be self-hosted free with no seat limit.
Unlimited members and unlimited tasks, with 60MB of storage, five Spaces, forty Lists per Space, one form and three whiteboards. The member limit is the one most competitors impose and ClickUp does not, which is why small teams stay on it for years. The limits that end it are usually storage and Spaces.
Tasks yes, the rest partially. ClickUp exports tasks to CSV and Excel, which every tool here imports, so names, statuses, assignees, dates and custom fields survive. Docs export as individual files, Whiteboards do not travel at all, and automations and dashboards have to be rebuilt in the new tool.
Stackfield, and it is the reason it ranks second on this page. Chat sits beside the tasks in the same product and both are encrypted end to end, so the provider cannot read either. For a team running ClickUp plus a separate messaging tool, that is two subscriptions replaced by one.
Only if it covers what you use. The honest test is to list the ClickUp features your team touched in the last month; most lists come back as tasks, two or three views and some documents. If that is yours, a narrower tool is less software doing the same work. If your list has goals, dashboards and whiteboards on it, you will be replacing one product with two.
A team using tasks and a couple of views is an afternoon. An account with Docs, Whiteboards, automations and dashboards takes weeks, and most of that time goes on deciding where the documents live rather than on the tasks, which export and import cleanly.
Who worked on this review
Explore More European Alternatives
Discover privacy-focused European alternatives to other popular US tech services.