European Secrets Management Tools

Secrets management software stores API keys, database passwords and certificates, hands them to applications at runtime and records who read what. The tools below are run by companies in the EU, Switzerland, the UK or Israel, or are open source projects you host yourself, so the vault holding your production credentials does not sit under a US parent company.

How we rank these tools — 4-step process
  1. 1
    European ownership, verified

    The company is headquartered and incorporated in the EU, EEA, the UK, Switzerland or Israel, and processes customer data in Europe or Israel. A US parent company disqualifies a tool from this page regardless of where its servers are.

  2. 2
    Category fit and hands-on review

    What the tool actually does, who it suits, and where it falls short — checked against the vendor’s own documentation, changelog and pricing page rather than its marketing copy.

  3. 3
    Compliance and pricing check

    GDPR posture, hosting location and the prices quoted on this page are verified against the vendor’s public pricing before publication, and re-checked when we revisit the category.

  4. 4
    Position on this page

    Placement on this page can be paid, and that can affect the order tools appear in. It never buys a listing: a tool that fails the checks above is not here at any price, and payment does not change the shortcomings we write about. A vendor can ask us to correct a factual error — not to remove a criticism.

Vendors can pay for visibility on this page. It never changes what an entry says about a product, including the criticism, and we earn nothing when you click through to a vendor. Vendors can pay for more visibility, higher up on the review pages; it never affects whether a tool is listed. Editorial policy

10 European Secrets Management Tools

ayedo

Managed OpenBao on German infrastructure, run for you

Germany
Managed OpenBao with auto-unseal and audit log Static and dynamic secrets, PKI and transit engine Dedicated cluster from €1,299.95 per month

Adfinis Secretz Enterprise

Flat-fee support subscription for running OpenBao in production

Switzerland
24/7 support and long-term maintenance for OpenBao Flat fee instead of per-identity metrics Certified for Red Hat OpenShift and SUSE Rancher

Akeyless

SaaS secrets platform with zero-knowledge key handling

Israel
Dynamic secrets with expiring credentials Connectors for HashiCorp Vault, AWS and Kubernetes secrets SaaS or hybrid with on-premise gateways

Passwork

Self-hosted password and secrets vault with REST API

Spain
Secrets management on the Advanced plan, €4.50 per user REST API, Python SDK and CI/CD integration Self-hosted licence or German-hosted cloud

Scaleway

Paris cloud with a pay-per-version Secret Manager

France
Envelope encryption with AES-256 Available in the PAR, WAW and AMS regions Billed per stored secret version and API request

STACKIT

Schwarz Group cloud with a Vault-style key-value store

Germany
Versioned key-value store for passwords and config Vault CLI access with AppRole in public preview Ordered through the STACKIT self-service portal

OVHcloud

Public cloud secret vault with Vault-compatible API

France
Vault-compatible API Native Kubernetes External Secrets Operator support Sits next to OVHcloud KMS and HSM

Passbolt

Open source credential vault with a documented API

Luxembourg
Pro edition €4.50 per user per month, billed annually API endpoints to read shared secrets Self-hosting on Linux, Docker or Kubernetes

GitGuardian

Finds leaked credentials and maps non-human identities

France
Scans git history, CI/CD logs and chat tools Non-human identity governance and rotation context Starter plan at $0 for up to 25 developers

Psono

Self-hosted team vault with API keys and a CI client

Germany
On-premise edition and SaaS edition API key feature and psonoci command-line client Open source server you can audit

Key takeaways

  • ayedo ranks first because it runs the Vault-derived engine as an operated service from Germany and is the only provider here that publishes a monthly price, €1,299.95 for a dedicated cluster.
  • Adfinis Secretz Enterprise is a flat-fee support subscription from Bern, not a hosted vault, so you keep running the engine and buy 24/7 support, patches and long-term maintenance on top.
  • Akeyless is the only hosted platform on this list that can synchronise an existing HashiCorp Vault, and it is incorporated in Israel with a US subsidiary and a New York office.
  • Scaleway, STACKIT and OVHcloud each sell a secret store inside their own cloud, with Scaleway billing per stored secret version and API request and OVHcloud advertising a Vault-compatible API.
  • Passwork, Passbolt and Psono started as shared password vaults and now expose an API or a command-line client, while GitGuardian only detects leaked credentials and stores none.

European secrets management software stores the API keys, database passwords and certificates that applications and engineers use, releases them on request and logs every read, and it is operated by a company or open source project outside US jurisdiction, so the system that can unlock your production environment is governed by EU, Swiss, UK or Israeli law instead of a US parent company.

European secrets management software compared

European secrets management software tools compared on position, country, entry price and best use
PositionToolEstablishedEntry priceBest for
#1 ayedo Germany Shared platform on request; dedicated cluster €1,299.95 per month Platform teams that want the Vault API from a German operator and no unseal rota of their own
#2 Adfinis Secretz Enterprise Switzerland Flat fee, amount on request Organisations that already picked the open source engine and want a Swiss vendor to sign a support contract
#3 Akeyless Israel Free start available, enterprise priced by client count and add-ons, quote on request Companies that want a hosted vault while an existing HashiCorp Vault keeps running during the move
#4 Passwork Spain Standard €3 / Advanced €4.50 per user/month billed annually, for the self-hosted licence and for the cloud; a one-time lifetime licence is offered Small technical teams that keep staff logins and a few pipeline secrets in one self-hosted vault
#5 Scaleway France From €0.0025/hour (DEV1-S) Teams whose workloads already run on Scaleway and that need a plain managed store for secret versions
#6 STACKIT Germany Custom (quote-based) Organisations in the Schwarz Group cloud that need a versioned store for passwords and configuration
#7 OVHcloud France PostgreSQL essential from about €0.16/hour (2 vCPU / 8GB RAM); MySQL, MongoDB, Kafka, Cassandra, OpenSearch, M3DB and Valkey priced separately by engine and tier Teams on OVHcloud that want a Vault-compatible API and External Secrets Operator support in the same provider
#8 Passbolt Luxembourg Free (Community) / From €4.50/user/month (Pro, minimum 10 users) Technical teams that want an auditable open source vault for shared credentials and a few API reads
#9 GitGuardian France Free plan for small teams / Business priced per active developer seat / Enterprise pricing on request Engineering teams that suspect credentials already sit in repositories, CI logs or chat messages
#10 Psono Germany Free and open source / paid hosting and enterprise plans Teams that want a self-hosted shared vault with scripted access from CI

Every European secrets management software tool reviewed

#1 ayedo

Schwalbach-Hülzweiler, Germany Shared platform on request; dedicated cluster €1,299.95 per month Demo on request

Best for: Platform teams that want the Vault API from a German operator and no unseal rota of their own

  • Operating company. Ayedo Cloud Solutions GmbH
  • Jurisdiction. EU (Germany)
  • Where the data sits. European infrastructure (ayedo Cloud), dedicated cluster or your own infrastructure
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, Azure Key Vault, GCP Secret Manager

ayedo does not write its own vault: its secrets page says the service is OpenBao running in the platform cluster, with ayedo handling auto-unseal and the Kubernetes integration while customers only call the APIs. The feature list covers a versioned key-value store with leases and an audit log, dynamic credentials for databases, cloud IAM roles and service accounts, an internal certificate authority for mTLS and a transit engine. The External Secrets Operator delivers values into workload clusters.

The operator is Ayedo Cloud Solutions GmbH of Schwalbach-Hülzweiler, registered at Amtsgericht Saarbrücken under HRB 107704, and its site lists ISO 27001, ISO 9001 and DORA among its badges. There are three ways to buy: a shared platform with no published price, a dedicated cluster at €1,299.95 per month, and bring-your-own-cloud or on-premises. The dedicated figure is the only price shown, and the patch policy for engine upgrades is worth confirming.

What ayedo does well

  • Keeps the Vault API and engines, so existing policies and client libraries stay usable
  • Legal notice names a GmbH and its commercial register number
  • One monthly figure is public, for the dedicated cluster
  • Pushes secrets into clusters with the External Secrets Operator
  • Can also be deployed in your own cloud or on-premises

Where ayedo falls short

  • The dedicated cluster costs a lot for a team with few secrets
  • The shared tier is quoted on request
  • Bought together with the wider ayedo platform

Standout feature. It is the only operated service on this list that names the whole engine set (key-value, dynamic, PKI, transit) beside a public monthly price.

#2 Adfinis Secretz Enterprise

Bern, Switzerland Flat fee, amount on request Demo on request

Best for: Organisations that already picked the open source engine and want a Swiss vendor to sign a support contract

  • Operating company. Adfinis AG
  • Jurisdiction. Switzerland (adequacy decision, outside the EEA)
  • Where the data sits. Self-managed deployments or managed operations on infrastructure you choose
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. HashiCorp Vault, CyberArk Conjur, Doppler, Akeyless, Infisical

Adfinis Secretz Enterprise is a subscription, not a hosted vault: the product page promises vendor assurance, 24/7 support and long-term maintenance for production use of the open source engine that forked from Vault, from a company that describes itself as a co-maintainer of that project. Security patches and software assurance are part of it, and so is migration planning. You operate the vault on your own infrastructure unless you add managed operations.

Adfinis AG is a public limited company registered in Bern, with locations also in Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand and Egypt, and it announced the subscription on 19 February 2026. The price is a flat fee that includes all features, quoted on request, and the vendor claims savings of up to 50 percent against proprietary products, a figure it supplies itself. It states certification for Red Hat OpenShift and SUSE Ready for Rancher.

What Adfinis Secretz Enterprise does well

  • Support comes from a company that calls itself a co-maintainer of the engine
  • All features sit inside one flat fee, with no per-identity metric
  • Listed for OpenShift and SUSE Ready for Rancher
  • Adopting or ending it needs no data migration
  • Swiss AG with a commercial register entry in Bern

Where Adfinis Secretz Enterprise falls short

  • It is support only, and the vault stays yours to run unless you buy operations
  • No price is published
  • Makes sense only when you have chosen that engine already

Standout feature. It is a pure support layer, so ending the contract changes nothing in your running vault.

#3 Akeyless

Ramat Gan, Israel Free start available, enterprise priced by client count and add-ons, quote on request Demo on request

Best for: Companies that want a hosted vault while an existing HashiCorp Vault keeps running during the move

  • Operating company. Akeyless Security Ltd.
  • Jurisdiction. Israel (outside the EU/EEA)
  • Where the data sits. SaaS; hybrid deployment with on-premise gateways. Region choice not verified
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager, Azure Key Vault

Akeyless sells a hosted replacement for Vault instead of a Vault-compatible engine. Its pricing page distinguishes pure SaaS from a hybrid mode with gateways inside your own network, where the customer fragment of the encryption key stays out of Akeyless hands. The platform covers static and dynamic secrets, just-in-time access, certificate lifecycle management, a KMS and governance across several vaults, and connectors read from AWS, Azure, GCP, Kubernetes and HashiCorp Vault.

The contracting company is Akeyless Security Ltd. of Ramat Gan, Israel, named as controller in a privacy policy dated 5 May 2026, and the same policy lists a US subsidiary, Akeyless Security USA, Inc.

A free start is offered, but enterprise pricing counts clients that start a session, with connectors, certificates and HSM integrations as extra units, and no list prices. The trust page claims SOC 2 Type II, ISO 27001, PCI DSS and DORA, which are vendor statements to verify.

What Akeyless does well

  • Credentials are generated on demand and expire by themselves
  • Connectors read from an existing Vault and from cloud stores
  • Gateways can be placed inside your network
  • The trust page makes DORA and other compliance claims
  • A free start needs no sales call

Where Akeyless falls short

  • List prices are not published
  • A US subsidiary and a New York office are listed
  • Growing estates can exceed the client quota unexpectedly
  • Closed source, with no engine you can host yourself

Standout feature. It is the only option here that treats an existing HashiCorp Vault as a source to synchronise from.

#4 Passwork

Barcelona, Spain Standard €3 / Advanced €4.50 per user/month billed annually, for the self-hosted licence and for the cloud; a one-time lifetime licence is offered Free trial, no card required

Best for: Small technical teams that keep staff logins and a few pipeline secrets in one self-hosted vault

  • Operating company. Passwork Europe SL
  • Jurisdiction. EU (Spain)
  • Where the data sits. Self-hosted on your own infrastructure; the Passwork Cloud is hosted in Germany, provider not named
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. LastPass, 1Password, Keeper

Passwork is a password manager whose Advanced plan adds secrets management, with a REST API, a Python SDK and CI/CD integration for fetching values from pipelines. It can run as a self-hosted licence on your own infrastructure or as the Passwork Cloud, which is hosted in Germany although the underlying provider is not named. Because it is built around shared entries, it does not describe leases or per-workload identities.

Passwork Europe SL operates from Barcelona. Its published prices are €3 per user per month on Standard and €4.50 on Advanced, billed annually, secrets management sits on Advanced only, and a one-time lifetime licence exists. No security certification is published, the product is not open source, and the privacy policy mentions processors outside the customer jurisdiction under standard contractual clauses. The company does not state a founding year.

What Passwork does well

  • Secrets management, API and Python SDK are available on the Advanced plan
  • Self-hosted licence, or a cloud hosted in Germany
  • A one-time lifetime licence is available as an alternative to renting
  • Spanish company with an imprint and VAT number
  • A free trial runs without a card

Where Passwork falls short

  • The Standard plan at €3 does not include secrets management
  • No leases or dynamic credentials are described
  • No security certification is published and the code is closed
  • The German cloud provider is not named

Standout feature. It is the only tool in this category that you can buy outright with a lifetime licence instead of renting per seat.

#5 Scaleway

Paris, France Founded 1999 From €0.0025/hour (DEV1-S) Demo on request

Best for: Teams whose workloads already run on Scaleway and that need a plain managed store for secret versions

  • Operating company. Scaleway (Iliad Group subsidiary)
  • Jurisdiction. EU (France)
  • Where the data sits. Paris, Amsterdam, Warsaw, Milan
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. AWS, Google Cloud, Azure

Scaleway offers a Secret Manager inside its cloud console, with envelope encryption using AES-256, availability in the Paris, Warsaw and Amsterdam regions, and billing per stored secret version and per API request. That makes it a usage-priced store, not a cluster or a seat licence, and it lives next to the Kubernetes and compute services that read from it. The pages read describe a versioned store, not dynamic credentials or a certificate authority.

Scaleway is a subsidiary of the Iliad Group in Paris, founded in 1999 as Online.net before its rebrand, and its data centres sit in Paris, Amsterdam and Warsaw, with Milan also listed. The platform price on its tool page starts at €0.0025 per hour for a DEV1-S instance, which concerns compute, not secrets. The unit prices of the Secret Manager were not read, so cost needs a calculator run.

What Scaleway does well

  • Billing follows stored versions and requests, with no cluster to pay for
  • Secret values use envelope encryption with AES-256
  • Runs in the PAR, WAW and AMS regions
  • The Iliad Group stands behind the provider
  • Sits in the same console as compute and Kubernetes

Where Scaleway falls short

  • A store only, without the engine breadth of a full vault
  • Unit prices were not checked for this review
  • Fewer regions and niche services than the large US clouds
  • Gains most for teams already on Scaleway

Standout feature. It meters secrets by stored version and API request, the finest billing unit on this list.

#6 STACKIT

Bad Friedrichshall, Germany Custom (quote-based) Demo on request

Best for: Organisations in the Schwarz Group cloud that need a versioned store for passwords and configuration

  • Operating company. Schwarz Digits Cloud GmbH & Co. KG
  • Jurisdiction. EU (Germany)
  • Where the data sits. Germany: the AI Model Serving pricing table names the region Germany South
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. Azure OpenAI, AWS Bedrock

STACKIT lists a Secrets Manager as a versioned key-value store for passwords and configuration, ordered through its self-service portal. The detail closest to HashiCorp Vault is access through the Vault CLI with AppRole authentication, which STACKIT labels as public preview. That wording matters for planning, since a production job that relies on it is relying on a feature that is not yet generally available.

The operator named in the site footer is Schwarz Digits Cloud GmbH & Co. KG of Bad Friedrichshall, Germany, whose cloud brand is STACKIT. No price for the Secrets Manager was found, and the STACKIT calculator loads in the browser and could not be read, so the pricing is listed as quote-based. For a migration from Vault, test the AppRole login and the CLI calls your jobs use, and plan around the preview status.

What STACKIT does well

  • Versioned key-value storage for passwords and configuration
  • Vault CLI access with AppRole, offered as public preview
  • Ordering runs through a self-service portal
  • German operator within a broad cloud catalog

Where STACKIT falls short

  • Vault-style access is not yet generally available
  • No Secrets Manager price was found
  • Reads as a key-value store, not a full engine set

Standout feature. It is the one cloud store on this list whose Vault CLI access is explicitly marked public preview.

#7 OVHcloud

Roubaix, France Founded 1999 PostgreSQL essential from about €0.16/hour (2 vCPU / 8GB RAM); MySQL, MongoDB, Kafka, Cassandra, OpenSearch, M3DB and Valkey priced separately by engine and tier Demo on request

Best for: Teams on OVHcloud that want a Vault-compatible API and External Secrets Operator support in the same provider

  • Operating company. OVHcloud SAS
  • Jurisdiction. EU (France)
  • Where the data sits. 46 data centres on 4 continents, majority in Europe
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. Aiven, AWS RDS, Google Cloud SQL

OVHcloud publishes a Secret Manager for its public cloud that advertises a Vault-compatible API and native support for the Kubernetes External Secrets Operator. It sits beside the OVHcloud KMS and HSM products, so key management and secret storage can come from one provider. Compatibility is a claim about the API surface, so test the engines and auth methods your jobs use against it before you migrate.

OVHcloud SAS was founded in Roubaix in 1999, designs its own hardware and data centres, and operates 46 data centres on four continents, most of them in Europe. At company level its tool page records SecNumCloud certification from the French cybersecurity agency ANSSI and founding membership of Gaia-X, which are not statements about the Secret Manager itself. No price for the Secret Manager was found on the pages read.

What OVHcloud does well

  • API that advertises compatibility with Vault
  • Kubernetes External Secrets Operator supported natively
  • KMS and HSM products from the same provider
  • Own hardware and data centres, mostly in Europe
  • Hourly public cloud catalog for other resources

Where OVHcloud falls short

  • Part of a cloud, not a dedicated secrets product
  • No Secret Manager price was found
  • Compatibility with specific Vault engines needs testing
  • Cloud pricing is granular, so a real bill takes effort to estimate

Standout feature. It combines a Vault-compatible API with KMS and HSM products from one French provider.

#8 Passbolt

Luxembourg City, Luxembourg Founded 2016 Free (Community) / From €4.50/user/month (Pro, minimum 10 users) Demo on request

Best for: Technical teams that want an auditable open source vault for shared credentials and a few API reads

  • Operating company. Passbolt SA
  • Jurisdiction. EU (Luxembourg)
  • Where the data sits. EU (self-host option available)
  • Source code. Open source
  • Replaces. LastPass Business, 1Password Teams, Dashlane Business

Passbolt is a password manager built for teams from the start, and it encrypts every entry with OpenPGP for each authorised user, so administrators and the server cannot read shared credentials. An API exposes endpoints to read shared secrets, which lets a script or pipeline fetch a value. It does not issue leases or generate credentials on demand. You can self-host on Linux, Docker or Kubernetes, or use the EU cloud.

Passbolt SA is based in Luxembourg City and was founded in 2016. The server is released under AGPL v3 and independent audit reports are published, according to the tool page. The Community edition is free. The Pro edition costs €4.50 per user per month, billed annually, with a minimum of ten users, and adds LDAP/AD integration, more MFA options and priority support.

What Passbolt does well

  • Written for team sharing instead of single users
  • Per-recipient OpenPGP encryption keeps entries unreadable to admins
  • AGPL v3 source with independent audits on record
  • Runs on Linux, Docker, Kubernetes or in the EU cloud
  • Roles, an activity log and an API are included

Where Passbolt falls short

  • Does not suit single-user use
  • The GPG model takes learning for non-technical users
  • Mobile apps trail the web interface and the extension
  • Self-hosting takes upkeep and technical skill

Standout feature. It combines open source code with per-recipient OpenPGP encryption, so the server never holds a readable shared credential.

#9 GitGuardian

Paris, France Founded 2017 Free plan for small teams / Business priced per active developer seat / Enterprise pricing on request Demo on request

Best for: Engineering teams that suspect credentials already sit in repositories, CI logs or chat messages

  • Operating company. GitGuardian SAS
  • Jurisdiction. EU (France)
  • Source code. Closed source
  • Replaces. GitHub secret scanning, manual credential audits

GitGuardian scans git history, CI/CD logs and chat tools for secrets that should not be there, such as API keys, database passwords and private certificates, and flags them before or just after they leak. Its Non-Human Identity governance extends the idea to API keys and service-account tokens that outlive their creator, with rotation context. It works next to GitLab, Gitea, GitHub or Codeberg and stores no working secrets, so a vault from this list remains necessary.

GitGuardian SAS is a Paris company founded in 2017, and a US affiliate, GitGuardian Inc., serves as joint controller for American customers. The category page lists a free Starter plan for up to 25 developers. Business pricing is per active developer seat, defined as anyone who committed in the last 90 days, and Enterprise is quoted on request.

What GitGuardian does well

  • Covers git history, CI/CD logs and chat tools
  • The free plan is usable for a small team
  • Seats count active contributors, not dormant accounts
  • Long-lived API keys and tokens fall under identity governance
  • Not tied to a particular code host

Where GitGuardian falls short

  • Finds leaked secrets but does not store or manage them
  • The Business tier price is not published
  • The US affiliate is joint controller for US customers
  • Adds a subscription on top of the code host

Standout feature. It is the only tool here that checks whether a live secret has already been committed into git history.

#10 Psono

Germany Free and open source / paid hosting and enterprise plans Demo on request

Best for: Teams that want a self-hosted shared vault with scripted access from CI

  • Operating company. esaqa GmbH
  • Jurisdiction. EU (Germany)
  • Where the data sits. Self-hosted, or German servers
  • Source code. Open source
  • Replaces. 1Password Teams, LastPass, Bitwarden

Psono is an open source team password manager that you can run on your own server, with an API key feature and a command-line client called psonoci for scripts and CI jobs. Encryption happens on the client before anything is sent, so a self-hosted server and the hosted German servers store data they cannot read. Sharing works by group, and access can be revoked when someone leaves. It fetches stored values, not short-lived credentials.

Psono is developed in Germany by esaqa GmbH and is offered both as an on-premise edition and as a SaaS edition. Self-hosting is free at any team size, while hosting and enterprise plans are paid and bring the administration features larger deployments need. The tool page describes the interface as functional rather than polished and the integration ecosystem as smaller than that of commercial rivals.

What Psono does well

  • Server code is open source and can be audited
  • Data is encrypted on the client before upload
  • Group sharing can be revoked at any time
  • Hosted option runs on German servers
  • Self-hosting costs nothing, whatever the team size

Where Psono falls short

  • You run and update a self-hosted server
  • The interface is functional more than polished
  • Fewer integrations than commercial rivals
  • Enterprise administration is a paid add-on

Standout feature. It pairs a self-hostable open source vault with psonoci, a dedicated command-line client for CI.

How do I choose between a managed vault, a cloud secret store and a password vault?

Start from what your workloads need to do. If they request database credentials on demand, use a certificate authority or encrypt data through an API, you need a full vault engine, and the shortlist is ayedo, Adfinis Secretz Enterprise and Akeyless. ayedo lists key-value storage with versioning, dynamic credentials, an internal CA and a transit engine. Akeyless documents dynamic secrets with an expiry and just-in-time access.

If your applications mostly read static values such as API tokens and configuration, a cloud store is enough: Scaleway, STACKIT and OVHcloud each offer one inside their own platform. If the main need is for people to share logins and a few pipelines to fetch them, Passwork, Passbolt and Psono cover both with one tool. Match the tool to the heaviest secret type you have, not the average one.

What do secrets managers cost, and why is it hard to compare?

The vendors count different things. Akeyless prices by clients (users, applications and servers), checked against an annual quota, with connectors, certificates and HSM integrations as separate units and no published list prices. Adfinis quotes a flat fee. Scaleway bills stored secret versions and API requests. Passwork charges €3 per user per month on Standard and €4.50 on Advanced, and Passbolt Pro costs €4.50 per user per month with a ten-user minimum.

Count your own estate before you ask for quotes: workloads, secrets, versions kept and reads per day. A fixed cluster such as ayedo at €1,299.95 per month looks heavy for a handful of services and light for hundreds. Per-version billing at Scaleway behaves the other way round. STACKIT and OVHcloud published no Secret Manager price on the pages read, so those two need a quote or a calculator run.

Is a secrets manager from outside the EU acceptable under GDPR?

The law cares about who can compel access and where data is processed, not about the brand. ayedo (Germany), Adfinis (Switzerland, covered by an adequacy decision but outside the EEA), Scaleway and OVHcloud (France), STACKIT (Germany), Passbolt (Luxembourg) and Passwork (Spain) are contracted under European law. Akeyless is incorporated in Israel and lists a US subsidiary and a New York office, which some sovereignty policies treat differently from a purely European contract.

Look at the whole chain. GitGuardian SAS is French, but a US affiliate acts as joint controller for American customers. Passwork runs its cloud in Germany without naming the provider, and its privacy policy mentions processors outside the customer jurisdiction under standard contractual clauses. Self-hosting Passbolt, Psono or Passwork removes the vendor from the data path, at the cost of operating it.

How hard is it to migrate from HashiCorp Vault?

It depends on the engines you use. Static key-value secrets can be exported and loaded elsewhere with a script. Dynamic secrets, policies and auth methods have to be rebuilt, because they are configuration rather than data. ayedo and Adfinis keep the Vault-style API on the engine that forked from it, so existing policies and client libraries carry over with little change. Akeyless lists HashiCorp Vault as an external source it can synchronise, which allows a staged move.

The cloud stores need more work. STACKIT offers Vault CLI access with AppRole, but it is listed as public preview, and OVHcloud advertises a Vault-compatible API. Test the exact calls your jobs make before cutting over. For Kubernetes clusters the External Secrets Operator makes the switch smaller, and both ayedo and OVHcloud name it.

When should I not leave HashiCorp Vault?

Keep it if your contract and jurisdiction analysis is already settled, if you depend on engines no European tool on this list documents, or if your team has a working, well-staffed Vault installation and the only trigger is a preference. A migration is a project with parallel running costs, and a vault is the last system you want to change in a hurry.

Also keep it if the real problem lies elsewhere. If credentials keep ending up in repositories, GitGuardian addresses that by scanning git history, CI/CD logs and chat tools, and it works with whatever vault you run. If the pain is operations, ayedo takes over unsealing and upgrades without changing the engine. Leave for legal reasons, then plan the move properly.

How do secrets managers fit into Kubernetes and CI/CD?

Through two patterns. In Kubernetes, the External Secrets Operator copies values from the vault into cluster secrets or mounted files. ayedo and OVHcloud both name it. In pipelines, a job authenticates to the vault and fetches what it needs: Passwork provides a REST API and Python SDK, Passbolt exposes API endpoints to read shared secrets, and Psono has the psonoci client.

Adfinis states certification for Red Hat OpenShift and SUSE Ready for Rancher, which matters if you buy through those platforms. Akeyless lists Kubernetes and CI/CD integrations plus gateways that can sit inside your network. Check which authentication method your runners use before picking, since a missing auth method is the most common reason a pipeline migration stalls.

How we selected and ranked these 10 tools

Every tool on this page is in the European Purpose directory, which means the operating company is established in Europe and we have verified that from the company register or the vendor's own legal notice rather than from a marketing page. Tools headquartered outside Europe are not eligible, however good they are.

  1. Feature verification (weight: 40%). We check each capability against the vendor's own documentation and product pages, and record what the tool does rather than what the category is assumed to include.
  2. Ease of adoption (weight: 30%). Integrations, published API access, trial availability and how much configuration stands between signing and a usable result.
  3. Value and transparency (weight: 30%). Published pricing counts in a vendor's favour; quote-only pricing is recorded as quote-only rather than estimated. We weigh what a buyer gets for the entry price, not the headline feature count.
  4. Editorial review. Every page is researched and drafted with AI assistance, and the compliance and pricing claims are checked against the vendor's documentation before it is published under the founder's editorial responsibility. The three weights above decide the order; a position is a ranking against the other European tools in this category, not an absolute score.

Vendor-reported outcomes — ROI figures, margin uplift, time saved — are labelled as vendor claims wherever they appear on this page. We have not audited them, and neither has anyone else who quotes them. Read our full editorial process for how pages are re-verified.

Frequently asked questions

It depends on what you manage. ayedo and Adfinis Secretz Enterprise are the closest to a Vault replacement from a European operator, Akeyless is the hosted platform with dynamic secrets, and Scaleway, STACKIT and OVHcloud fit teams already inside those clouds. Passwork, Passbolt and Psono suit shared logins with light API use, and GitGuardian finds leaked secrets rather than storing them.

ayedo lists €1,299.95 per month for a dedicated cluster, Passwork lists €3 and €4.50 per user per month, and Passbolt Pro costs €4.50 per user per month with a ten-user minimum. Scaleway bills per secret version and request, while Akeyless, Adfinis, STACKIT and OVHcloud published no Secret Manager price on the pages read.

Yes. ayedo lists dynamic credentials for databases, cloud IAM roles and service accounts, and Akeyless documents credentials generated on demand with an expiry. Scaleway and STACKIT are described as versioned key-value stores, and the password vaults Passwork, Passbolt and Psono store shared entries rather than issuing leases.

Yes. GitGuardian scans git history, CI/CD logs and chat tools for credentials that already leaked and maps non-human identities, but it does not store or manage secrets. It pairs with a vault from this list.

Passbolt (AGPL v3) and Psono publish open source servers you can audit and self-host. ayedo and Adfinis build on an open source engine, but they are commercial services. Akeyless is closed source with no self-hosted engine.